![]() Aflatoxicosis is primarily a hepatic (liver) disease. The presence of aflatoxins in feeds, forages and foods is an important anti-quality factor and is associated with various diseases in livestock, domestic animals and humans that are broadly termed aflatoxicosis. Forages are generally not analyzed for aflatoxins but in some situations (e.g., corn or sorghum silage that is at risk) this analysis may be warranted. On a standing crop, aflatoxin contamination of peanuts and corn is favored by high temperatures, prolonged drought conditions and high insect activity, while postharvest production of aflatoxins on corn and peanuts is favored by higher water content, warm temperatures and high humidity. There are four major aflatoxins named B1, B2, G1, G2 plus two additional metabolic products known as M1 and M2 that are of significance as direct contaminants of foods and feeds.įungal (or mold) growth and aflatoxin contamination are the consequence of interactions among the fungi, the host (foods or feeds) and the environment. The term aflatoxins refers to a particular group of mycotoxins produced by some species of the genus Aspergillus. ![]() As a group, these toxic substances are commonly called mycotoxins. It is an adequate estimate of heat-damaged protein in forage feeds but not in non-forage feeds (Nakamura et al., 1994).Īflatoxins: Fungal or mold growth in or on foods and feed can result in the production of many different types of toxic biochemicals. It is expressed as a percent of crude protein. This parameter is also reported as acid detergent insoluble protein (ADIP), acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) or acid detergent fiber protein (ADFP). In this case, a portion of the protein reacts with carbohydrates (fiber) to form an indigestible complex, rendering it unavailable for digestion. ![]() It also contains any heat-damaged protein that may result from heating during storage or processing. ADICP escapes ruminal breakdown and represents the portion of the protein that is not degradable and is therefore unavailable to the animal. ADF is often used to calculate digestibility, total digestible nutrients (TDN) and/or net energy for lactation (NEl).Īcid Detergent Insoluble Crude Protein (ADICP) or Acid Detergent Fiber-Crude Protein (ADFCP): ADICP (or ADFCP) is the insoluble protein fraction remaining in the acid detergent fiber residue of a feed sample. During laboratory analysis, ADF is the residue remaining after boiling a forage sample in acid detergent solution. Forages with higher ADF are lower in digestible energy than forages with lower ADF, which means that as the ADF level increases, digestible energy levels decrease. This highly indigestible part of forage includes lignin, cellulose, silica and insoluble forms of nitrogen but not hemicellulose. This listing will also be helpful when reading articles on animal feeding and nutrition, feed analysis reports or tags associated with feeds sold in the market.Ī | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | ZĪcid Detergent Fiber (ADF): The fibrous component represents the least digestible fiber portion of forage or other roughage. Our primary objective is to list the common terms used when discussing animal feeding so that one might be better informed when consulting with county Extension personnel, feed salesmen, animal nutritionists, veterinarians, feed laboratory managers and other industry professionals. The purpose of this publication is to serve as an educational reference and resource to those who are interested in animal feeding and nutrition. This is in line with UGA's mission as a land-grant university to provide unbiased interpretations, recommendations and pertinent educational materials to enhance the profitability and sustainability of livestock production systems in the state. The University of Georgia's Feed and Environmental Water Laboratory (FEWL) is located in Athens and dedicated to providing objective analyses of feeds and forages. For example, digestible energy, total digestible nutrients and intake potential are all estimated from the concentration of the various fiber components and the relationship between them. Many of the parameters included in laboratory reports are calculated or estimated from measured feed quality attributes. Figure 1.: A schematic that describes the partitioning of organic and mineral components in a feed and forage sample.
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